1. ఆ వ్యక్తి మాటలను ఉన్నది ఉన్నట్లుగా చెప్పుటను Direct speech అంటారు.
2. ఆ వ్యక్తి మాటల అర్థ మును గాని, తాత్పర్యమునుగాని, సారాంశమునుగాని చెప్పుటను Indirect speech లేక Reported speech అని అంటారు.
DIRECT SPEECH : The actual words of the speaker is called "direct speech". The words of the speaker can be reported without actually quoting his words is called "Indirect speech."
డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ లో సరిగా ఒకడు చెప్పిన మాటలను Quotation marks తో వ్రాయుదురు.
Ex: He said, "I will go" ఇక్కడ said అనేది 'reporting verb' గాను I will go' అనేది 'reported speech' లేక (Indirect Speech' గాను ఉంటుంది.
INDIRECT SPEECH : The verb which introduces the actual words of the speaker is known as 'reporting verb.'
The actual words of the speaker are said to be 'reported speech' or Indirect speech'.
The following rules must be observed to change a sentence from Direct speech into Indirect Speech.
ఈ క్రింది సూత్రముల ప్రకారము డైరెక్ట్ స్పిట్ నుంచి ఇన్ డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ లోనికి మార్చవచ్చును.
1. The question marks or the inverted commas iindirect
speech are not used in Indirect speech (ఇన్ డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ లోనికి మార్చేటప్పుడు ఇన్వర్టెడ్ కామాలు తీసి వేయాలి.)
2.Direct speech : ముందు అంటే reporting Verb తరువాత సాధారణముగా that ఉంచవలెను.
3. Reporting verb, Present tense లోని గాని, future tense లోనిగాని ఉంటే Direct speech లో నున్న వెర్చ్ (verb)
Direct : He says (or will say) "The horse is running".
Indirect : He says (or will say) that the horse is running.
4. Reporting verb, past tense లో ఉంటే డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ లో ఉన్న presentense లన్నింటిని past tense లోనికి simple pastense లన్నింటిని. past perfect tense లోనికి మార్చవలెను.
Ex. : a) A simple present becomes a simple past.
Direct : He said "I am unwell".
Indirect : He said that he was unwell.
b) A present continuous becomes a past continuous
Direct: He said "My sister is reading books".
Indirect : He said that his sister was readings books.
c) A present perfect becomes a past perfect
Direct: He said "I have passed the examination."
Indirect : He said that he had passed the examination.
d) A simple past in the Direct speech becomes the past perfect in the Indirect speech.
Direct : He said, "the cow died in the night."
Indirect: He said that the cow had died in the night.
5. No other puncutation mark except a full stop should be placed at the end of the sentence in Indirect speech.
(ఇన్ డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్ లోని వాక్యము చివర ఫుల్ స్టార్ తప్ప మరి ఏ ఇతర గుర్తు ఉండకూడదు).
6. Reporting verb, past tense of లో ఉంటే direct speech
(D.S.) లో ఉన్న can, may, shall, will" అను helping verbs (సహాయక క్రియలను) వరుసగా could, might, should, would
Ex : Direct : Ramu said "Ravi will do it.".
Indirect : Ramu said Ravi would do it.
7. Reporting verb, 'said' అని మాత్రమే ఉంటే దానిని చర్చనవసరము లేదు. 'said to' ' అనీ ఉంటే దానిని "told' గా మార్చాలి. 'told to' అని మాత్రం మార్చకూడదు
Ex : Direct : He said to me "Praveen is right.",
Indirect : He tole me that Praveen was right.
8. D.S. లో ఉన్న 1st personal pronouns అన్నియూ, reporting Verb యొక్క subject ఏ person లో ఉన్నదో అదే 'person లోనికి మార్చవలెను.
Ex :
DIRECT INDIRECT
1. He said "I will go." He said that he would go.
2. You said, "I will go." You said that you would go
3. I said, "I will go." I said that I would go.9. a) D.Sc లో ఉన్న 2nd personal pronouns అన్నిటిని Reporting verb యొక్క object ఏ person లో ఉంటే ఆ person లోనికి మార్చవలేను.
Ex :
DIRECT INDIRECT
He said to me, "You are wrong." He told me that I was wrong
He said to you, "You are wrong." He told to you you were are wrong
He said to them, "You are wrong." He told them that they are wrongb) Reporting verb & object 'me' object అనుకొని D.S. లోని' 2nd personal pronoun ను పద్ధతి ప్రకారము మార్చవలెను
Ex: DIRECT : He said, "you are wrong."
INDIRECT : He said that I was wrong.
10. Words expressing names in time or place or generally changed into words expressing distance.
DIRECT (Now, Hence, Hithe)
INDIRECT (Then, thence, thither)
DIRECT (today, Tomorrow, Yesterday)
INDIRECT (Thatday, the next day, the previous day)
3. Direct Speech : He asked to me, "Why have done this.
" Indirect Speech : He asked me why I had done that
c. ii) Reported Speech' లోని 'వాక్యము ప్రశ్నలు అయి ఉండి సహాయక క్రియలైన is, are, do, did మొదలగు Indirect speech లో life లో 'whether' అను conjunction ను ఉపయోగించాలి.
1. Direct Speech : He said, "will you listen to such a man."
Indirect Speech : He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
2. Direct Speech : He said, "Did you see the picture?
Indirect Speech : He wished to know if I had seen the picture.
12. If there is universal truth in the reported speech it will not change in the direct speech though the reporting verb is in the past tense.
(Reported speech లో నిత్య సత్యములున్నప్పుడు reporting verb, past tense లో ఉన్ననూ, I.S. లో అది మారదు).
Direct Speech : The student said, "the sun rises in the east
Indirect Speech : The student said that the sun rises in the east
Idioms & Phrases - (నుడికారములు)
Phrases are group of words without subject and verb functioning as a single p...Auxiliary Verbs - సహాయక క్రియలు (ఎగ్జిలరీ వెర్ప్)
SHALL (షల్ ) WILLDirect & indirect speech - డైరెక్ట్ అండ్ ఇన్ డైరెక్ట్ స్పీచ్
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